Ilex paraguariensis (Yerba Mate) - planta de ceai Yerba Mate

Ilex paraguariensis, also known as yerba mate or mate tree, is a perennial evergreen plant from the Aquifoliaceae family, native to South America, especially Paraguay, Argentina, and Brazil. This species is widely cultivated for its leaves used in preparing the traditional mate infusion, rich in caffeine and antioxidants. It is a versatile plant, suitable for tropical gardens, as an ornamental tree or for leaf production, offering a dense and intense green appearance.

The leaves of Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis) are used to prepare the famous tonic drink rich in antioxidants. Studies show that due to its caffeine, xanthines, and polyphenols content, it has a stimulating effect, improves concentration and physical performance, supports immunity, accelerates metabolism, and may help with weight control. It also contributes to blood sugar regulation and heart protection through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

The appearance of the leaves and flowers

• Leaves: The leaves are oval, with serrated edges, 7-10 cm long, dark green, glossy, with a leathery texture. They are arranged alternately and provide a dense, aromatic background, with a slightly bitter smell when crushed.
• Flowers: The flowers are small, white or greenish-white, grouped in axillary clusters, appearing in spring (March-May). They are discreet and attract pollinators such as bees.

Growth characteristics

• Height and width: Reaches 6-15 m in height and 4-6 m in width in natural conditions, forming a small tree or dense shrub. In cultivation, can be kept more compact by pruning.
• Vigor: Moderate to fast growth, with woody, branched stems forming a rounded crown.
• Type: Evergreen tree or shrub, perennial.

Growing conditions

• Exposure: Prefers partial shade or semi-shade, ideally under trees with sparse crowns. Tolerates full sun in humid climates, but intense direct light can burn leaves.
• Soil: Grows in fertile, moist, well-drained soils with slightly acidic to neutral pH (5.5-7). Add compost or organic matter to improve moisture retention.
• Watering: Water regularly, keeping the soil moist but not soaked. Sensitive to prolonged drought but tolerates high humidity.
• Temperature: Hardy in zones 9-11 (down to -5°C for short periods). In Romania, it is grown as a greenhouse or indoor plant, protected from frost.

Care and resistance

• Resistance: Tolerant to high humidity and wet soils, but sensitive to extreme cold and drought. May be affected by aphids or fungi in wet conditions; inspect regularly and treat with organic methods.
• Fertilization: Apply a balanced fertilizer (e.g., 10-10-10) in spring, every 4-6 weeks. Avoid excess nitrogen.
• Pruning: Prune in spring to maintain shape and remove dry branches. Can be shaped as a compact shrub.
• Propagation: Propagate by seeds, stem cuttings, or root division in spring.
• Note: Leaves contain caffeine.

Usage

Ilex paraguariensis is ideal for leaf production for mate tea, as well as an ornamental tree in tropical gardens. The dried leaves are used for energizing infusions. It pairs well with other tropical plants, such as banana trees or ferns, and attracts pollinators, contributing to biodiversity.

Origin

Native to South America, especially Paraguay, Argentina, and Brazil, where it grows in humid forests. It was domesticated by indigenous peoples and is widely cultivated for its stimulating properties.

Plant height: approx. 20-30 cm

Pot diameter: 12 cm